AI Questions:
Give me comments from researchers and authors on their definition of “cognitive empathy”.
The comments should have used the word “cognitive empathy.” They should be actual quotes made my the author. The comments and definitions do not need to be unique.
The output format should be.
The Author Name, Last, First, should be on a separate line and bold.
The Comment and The comments should have quotes around them. Bold the words "cognitive empathy”.
This should be on a separate line with blank line after it.
Give the comment source in Chicago style on a separate line.
Give the link URL to the source on a separate line.
Sort the list alphabetically by Author Last name
QUOTES
Key
(x) = confirmed quote
(?) = inaccurate quote
(x) Chang, Shou-An A.
"This ability, often referred to as cognitive empathy, helps individuals predict and interpret others' behaviors, develop meaningful social relationships, communicate effectively, and engage in appropriate moral reasoning."
"Cognitive empathy allows individuals to recognize and infer how others think and feel in social situations and provides a foundation for the formation and maintenance of mutually constructive relationships."
Shou-An A. Chang etal "Cognitive Empathy Deficits in Antisocial Individuals: A Review of Subtypes and Mechanisms." Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2021): 677975.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.677975/full.
( ) Blair, R.J.R.
"Cognitive empathy refers to the ability to understand another individual's emotional state, while emotional empathy, also known as affective empathy, involves experiencing another person's feelings oneself . Blair describes cognitive empathy as related to the theory of mind, which is the capacity to represent or understand the mental state of others. Emotional empathy, on the other hand, can be divided into two forms: mimicking another's emotional response and reacting to emotional stimuli .. "
Blair, R. J. R. “Responding to the Emotions of Others: Dissociating Forms of Empathy Through the Study of Typical and Psychiatric Populations.” Psychiatry Research 137, no. 3 (2005): 157–63.
(x) Bloom, Paul
"If your suffering makes me suffer, if I feel what you feel, that’s empathy in the sense that I’m interested in here. But if I understand that you are in pain without feeling it myself, this is what psychologists describe as social cognition, social intelligence, mind reading, theory of mind, or mentalizing. It’s also sometimes described as a form of empathy—“cognitive empathy” as opposed to “emotional empathy,” which is most of my focus."
Paul Bloom (Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion, p 17)
https://nichequotes.com/cognitive-empathy-quotes
(x) Brown, Brené
"Cognitive empathy, sometimes called perspective taking or mentalizing, is the ability to recognize and understand another person’s emotions.
Affective empathy, often called experience sharing, is one’s own emotional attunement with another person’s experience."
”Brené Brown (Atlas of the Heart: Mapping Meaningful Connection and the Language of Human Experience)
https://nichequotes.com/cognitive-empathy-quotes
( x) Cherry, Kendra
"Cognitive empathy involves being able to understand another person's mental state and what they might be thinking in response to the situation. This is related to what psychologists refer to as the theory of mind or thinking about what other people are thinking. "
Kendra Cherry, Verywell Mind Editorial Team. "What Is Empathy?" Verywell Mind.
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-empathy-2795562
(x) Clarke, Jodi
"Cognitive Empathy
Taking another person's perspective
Imagining what it's like in another person's shoes
Understanding someone's feelings"
Cognitive Empathy vs. Emotional Empathy, Thinking about other people's emotions vs. actually feeling them. Jodi Clarke
(x) Clark, Jodie
"However, research has found that it is possible to have several types of empathy, and cognitive empathy and emotional empathy are two primary empathy types.
Cognitive empathy involves knowing how other people think and feel, while emotional empathy involves feeling another person's emotions. Think of these two types as being able to step into their minds and know what they might be thinking and feeling, and then being actually to experience those things yourself."
"Cognitive empathy means that you can understand another person's perspective. It is also referred to as perspective-taking or putting yourself in someone else's shoes."
Kendra Cherry, "Cognitive Empathy vs. Emotional Empathy," Verywell Mind, February 25, 2019.
https://www.verywellmind.com/cognitive-and-emotional-empathy-4582389
(x) Cox, Christine L.
"Although the literature has yet to agree on a precise definition of these constructs, a consensus has emerged that views affective empathy (AE) as the ability to share the emotional experiences of others, i.e. a visceral reaction to their affective states; while cognitive empathy (CE) denotes the ability to take the mental perspective of others, allowing one to make inferences about their mental or emotional states."
Christine L. Cox et al., "The balance between feeling and knowing: affective and cognitive empathy are reflected in the brain's intrinsic functional dynamics," Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 5 (2011).
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3427869/
Batson, Dan
"The term empathy is currently applied to more than a half-dozen phenomena.
Knowing another persons internal state, Including thoughts and feelings
Adopting the posture or matching the neural responses of an observed other
Coming to feel as another person feels
Intuiting or projecting oneself into another's situation
Imagining how another is thinking and feeling
Imagining how one would think and feel in the other's place
Feeling distress at witnessing another person's suffering
Feeling for another person who is suffering (empathic concern) An other-oriented emotional response elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of someone in need. Includes feeling sympathy, compassion, tenderness and the like (i.e. feeling for the other, and not feeling as the other)"
Dan Batson, These Things Called Empathy: Eight Related but Distinct Phenomena
Davis, Mark H.
"Both of these measures are implicitly based on a "cognitive" definition of empathy -- empathy as the ability to interpret and understand the experiences and feelings of others.”
Davis, Mark H. “A Multidimensional Approach to Individual Differences in Empathy.” JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology 10 (1980): 85. (https://www.uv.es/~friasnav/Davis_1980.pdf)
In his multidimensional approach to empathy, Davis defines cognitive empathy as the aspect of empathy that pertains to understanding. He explicitly equates it with perspective-taking, which involves the ability to adopt the viewpoint of another person. This definition emphasizes the "intellectual" nature of cognitive empathy, suggesting a focus on comprehending the specific situation and personal context of the individual whose perspective is being considered. Davis's work highlights that empathy is not a singular construct but comprises different facets, with cognitive empathy representing the component related to intellectual comprehension and the ability to see things from another's point of view.
(x) Decety, Jean
"With cognitive empathy, the individual is thought to use perspective-taking processes to imagine or project into the place of the other in order to understand what she/he is feeling. These cognitive aspects of empathy are closely related to processes involved in ToM, executive function and self-regulation. "
The Neurodevelopment of Empathy in Humans, Jean Decety
(x) Decety, Jean, Jackson, P. L
"But regardless of the particular terminology that is used, there is broad agreement on three primary components: (a) an affective response to another person, which often, but not always, entails sharing that person’s emotional state; (b) a cognitive capacity to take the perspective of the other person; and (c) some regulatory mechanisms that keep track of the origins of self and other-feelings."
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71–100.
Decety, J. and Fotopoulou, A.
"Affective sharing, the first element of empathy to appear during ontogeny. It reflects the capacity to become affectively aroused by the valence and intensity of others’ emotions. (2) Empathic understanding, which entails the conscious awareness of the emotional state of another person. (3) Empathic concern, which refers to the motivation to care for someone’s welfare. (4) Cognitive empathy, similar to the construct of perspective taking or theory of mind is the ability to put oneself into the mind of another individual and imagine what that person is thinking or feeling
Decety, J. and Fotopoulou, A. (2014), 'Why empathy has a beneficial impact on others in medicine: unifying theories', Front Behav Neurosci, 8, 457.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4294163/
(x) Fiveable
"Cognitive empathy is the ability to understand another person's perspective, thoughts, and feelings without necessarily sharing or experiencing those emotions oneself. This form of empathy is crucial for effective communication and can help reduce prejudice and discrimination by fostering a deeper understanding of others' experiences and backgrounds."
Fiveable, "Cognitive empathy - (Social Psychology) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations",
https://fiveable.me/key-terms/social-psychology/cognitive-empathy
"That natural curiosity about other people’s reality, technically speaking, signifies “cognitive empathy,” the ability to see the world through others’ eyes. Cognitive empathy is mind-to-mind, giving us a mental sense of how another person’s thinking works. It’s one of three kinds of empathy, each with a premium in the workplace and in relationships anywhere in our lives. "
"Empathy 101." LinkedIn, September 29, 2013. Accessed May 14, 2025.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20130929085735-117825785-empathy-101/
(x) Greater Good Science Center
"‘Cognitive empathy,’ sometimes called ‘perspective taking,’ refers to our ability to identify and understand other people's emotions. Studies suggest that people with autism spectrum disorders have a hard time empathizing."
Greater Good Science Center, UC Berkeley, "Empathy Definition | What Is Empathy",
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/topic/empathy/definition
(x) Indeed Editorial Team
"Cognitive empathy is the act of viewing a challenge, situation or emotion from another person's perspective. It requires emotional depth and a profound understanding that not everyone's life experiences are exactly the same, but their lives are still relatable."
Indeed Editorial Team. "Cognitive vs. Emotional Empathy: Definition and 5 Key Differences." Indeed Career Guide. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/cognitive-vs-emotional-empathy
(x) Krznaric, Roman
‘Empathy is the art of stepping imaginatively into the shoes of another person, understanding their feelings and perspectives, and using that understanding to guide your actions’
Roman Krznaric, Empathy: Why It Matters, and How to Get It
(x) Perry, Bruce D.
"Empathy is the ability to put yourself in somebody else’s shoes—both in an emotional sense, to feel a bit of what they may feel, but also in a cognitive sense, to see the situation from their perspective."
Perry, Bruce D., and Oprah Winfrey. What Happened to You?: Conversations on Trauma, Resilience, and Healing. Flatiron Books, 2021. https://nichequotes.com/cognitive-empathy-quotes
(x) Perry, Elizabeth
"Cognitive empathy, also known as empathic accuracy or perspective-taking, is a type of empathy that allows you to rationally understand another person's thoughts, feelings, and perspective. You’re aware of certain behaviors tied to different emotions and intuitive enough to assess the situation for clues regarding the person’s behavior."
Elizabeth Perry, ACC, BetterUp Blog, "Cognitive Empathy: Learn to Be a Better Leader and Coworker",
https://www.betterup.com/blog/cognitive-empathy
(X) Price, Nicole
"Cognitive empathy is when we use our understanding, rather than our feelings, to connect with others who are different from us. It helps us think past our initial biases."
ForbesBooks Authors, "Cognitive Empathy: What It Is, Why It Matters," Forbes, August 14, 2023.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbooksauthors/2023/08/14/cognitive-empathy-what-it-is-why-it-matters/
(x) Martingano, Alison Jane, Gitanjali Deshpande, and Norbert Schwarz.
"Generally, cognitive empathy involves understanding others’ thoughts and feelings without necessarily reacting emotionally, whereas emotional empathy involves experiencing emotions in response to others’ emotional experiences or expressions. However, empathy researchers disagree on whether this distinction is meaningful, exactly which concepts are classified under each umbrella term, and whether some concepts should even count as empathy at all ."
Martingano, Alison Jane, Gitanjali Deshpande, and Norbert Schwarz. "How Cognitive and Emotional Empathy Relate to Rational Thinking: Empirical Evidence and Meta-Analysis." The Journal of Social Psychology 162, no. 1 (2022): 143–60. https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/2023-05/How%20cognitive%20and%20emotional%20empathy%20relate%20to%20rational%20thinking%20empirical%20evidence%20and%20meta%20analysis.pdf.
(x) Phillips, Kaitlin Ugolik
These two terms eventually morphed into the two that are most commonly accepted today: cognitive empathy (understanding another person’s mental state) and affective empathy (responding emotionally to the other person’s mental state—i.e., sharing their feelings). Most experts believe these two types work together, but people often use them interchangeably or say “empathy” when what they really seem to mean is “compassion” or “kindness.
Kaitlin Ugolik Phillips (The Future of Feeling: Building Empathy in a Tech-Obsessed World)
https://nichequotes.com/cognitive-empathy-quotes
(x) Preston, Stephanie D., and Frans B. M. de Waal.
"With cognitive empathy, the subject is thought to use perspective-taking processes to imagine or project into the place of the object. Cognitive empathy appears to emerge developmentally and phylogenetically with other "markers of mind" (Gallup 1992; 1979; Povinelli et al. 1994; Premack & Woodruff 1978), including perspective taking (PT), mirror self-recognition (MSR), deception, and tool-use. The behavioral complexity and flexibility of these behaviors is greatly increased in humans and apes relative to other primates and most mammals.
Only humans after certain ages and the great apes have been cited as passing tests for the markers of mind and evincing higher than 1st order intentionality (cf. Dennett 1988; for a review see Byrne & Whiten 1988, O'Connell 1995; Tomasello & Call 1997). In addition, there is anecdotal evidence of helping behavior in dolphins (de Waal 1996), the only non-primate mammal that passes MSR tests (Reiss & Marino 2001). "
Preston, Stephanie D., and Frans B. M. de Waal. "Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases." https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/images/uploads/Preston_dewaal2002.pdf
(X) Reniers, Renate L. E. P., Abu-Akel, Ahmad, and Seara-Cardoso, Ana
"Empathy is now commonly characterized as consisting of cognitive and affective components. Cognitive empathy is defined as the ability to construct a working model of the emotional states of others and importantly entails the comprehension of another person's emotional experience. This can be achieved by actively imagining what another person may be feeling or by intuitively putting oneself in another person's position; processes joined under the header perspective taking (2)
Reniers, Renate L. E. P., Ahmad Abu-Akel, and Ana Seara-Cardoso. "Editorial: Cognitive Empathy and Perspective Taking: Understanding the Mechanisms of Normal and Abnormal Experiences and Abilities." Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 (2022): 945258. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9201905/
(x) Sara D. Hodges, Michael W. Myers
"Cognitive empathy refers to the extent to which we perceive or have evidence that we have successfully guessed someone else’s thoughts and feelings. The spectrum of cognitive empathy includes very simple tasks such as visual perspective taking (e.g., standing in one’s living room and imagining what a person outside can see through the window) and extends up to very complex mental challenges, such as imagining another person’s guess about what a third person believes. "
Hodges, S. D., & Myers, M. W. (2007). Empathy. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), _Encyclopedia of Social Psychology_ (Vol. 1, pp. 296-298). Sage Publications. (Accessible via: https://pages.uoregon.edu/hodgeslab/files/Download/Hodges%20Myers_2007.pdf
(x) Shamay-Tsoory, S. G.
"the term cognitive empathy describes empathy as a cognitive role-taking ability, or the capacity to engage in the cognitive process of adopting another's psychological point of view. This ability may involve making inferences regarding the other's affective and cognitive mental states."
Shamay-Tsoory, Simone G. "The Neural Bases for Empathy." The Neuroscientist 17, no. 1 (2011): 18–28. https://sites.duke.edu/flaubertsbrain/files/2012/08/Shamay-Tsoory-The-Neural-Bases-for-Empathy.pdf
Yu, Chi-Lin - Chou, Tai-Li
"Cognitive empathy, which refers to the ability to understand or explicitly reason the subjective mental states, perspectives or intentions of others (Gopnik and Wellman, 1992), establishes the higher route of the model. Cognitive empathy is also known as “mentalizing” (Barrett et al., 2016), “Theory of Mind” (Premack and Woodruff, 1978) or “perspective taking” (Davis, 1994)."
Yu, Chi-Lin - Chou, Tai-Li A Dual Route Model of Empathy: A Neurobiological Prospective," Frontiers in Psychology 9 (2018).
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02212/full
Wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy
"Cognitive empathy is the ability to understand another's perspective or mental state.[32][26][33] The terms empathic accuracy, social cognition, perspective-taking, theory of mind, and mentalizing are often used synonymously, but due to a lack of studies comparing theory of mind with types of empathy, it is unclear whether these are equivalent.[26] Although measures of cognitive empathy include self-report questionnaires and behavioral measures, a 2019 meta-analysis[34] found only a negligible association between self-report and behavioral measures, suggesting that people are generally not able to accurately assess their own cognitive empathy abilities. Cognitive empathy can be subdivided into the following scales:[26][29]
Perspective-taking: the tendency to spontaneously adopt others' psychological perspectives.[26][35]
Fantasy: the tendency to identify with fictional characters.[26]
Tactical (or strategic) empathy: the deliberate use of perspective-taking to achieve certain desired ends.[36]
Emotion regulation: a damper on the emotional contagion process that allows you to empathize without being overwhelmed by the emotion you are empathizing with."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy